[The peritoneal kinetic study performed with hypertonic glucose permits better evaluation of UF capacity and determination of sieving of sodium]. / Las cinéticas con glucosa hipertónica permiten identificar mejor el fallo de ultrafiltración. ¿Qué aporta el cribado de sodio?

INTRODUCTION: The use of solutions containing hypertonic glucose (3.86%/4.25%) has been postulated as the method of choice for study the peritoneal function, and permits a better evaluation of the ultrafiltration (UF) capacity. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to analyze the UF capacity and its relation with the peritoneal permeability and sieving of sodium, performing the peritoneal kinetic study with hypertonic glucose solutions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed 184 peritoneal kinetic studies with hypertonic glucose solutions in stable patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD), with a mean time on PD of 16 +/- 22 months. We measured the mass transfer coefficient of creatinine (CrMTC), dialysate to plasma ratio of creatinine (D/PCr), UF capacity and sieving of sodium at 60 minutes (difNa60). RESULTS: The mean values were: CrMTC: 9.1 +/- 4.5 ml/min, D/PCr: 0.71 +/- 0.09, UF 759 +/- 233 ml/4 h and difNa60: 4.7 +/- 2.3. The best multivariate model that predicts the UF capacity included: difNa60, CrMTC, age and time on PD (r = 0.57; p > 0.0001). In patients with UF lower than 600 ml/4 h (Percentil 25) the correlation between UF and CrMTC was lost, but remains the correlation with difNa60 (r = 0.48). The patients with previous peritonitis (n = 38) showed no differences in UF, CrMTC or D/Pcr, but the had lower difNa60 (3.7 +/- 2.8 vs. 4.9 +/- 2.1; p = 0.002) than the remaining patients. CONCLUSIONS: The peritoneal kinetic study performed with hypertonic glucose allows to standardize the UF capacity and by determination of sieving of sodium, the early detection of water transport alterations, before the UF capacity and small solutes permeability alteration develops.

Las cinéticas con glucosa hipertónica permiten identificar mejor el fallo de ultrafiltración. ¿Qué aporta el cribado de sodio? / Kinetic studies with hypertonic glucose permit better identification of ultrafiltration failure. What is the contribution of sodium sieving?

Introducción: La utilización de soluciones con glucosa al3,86%/4,25% se ha postulado como el método ideal para estudiar la función peritoneal, ya que permite evaluar mejor la capacidad de ultrafiltración (UF). Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio es analizar la UF y sus relaciones con la permeabilidad peritoneal y el cribado de sodio mediante la realización de cinéticas peritoneales con glucosa hipertónica. Pacientes y métodos: Realizamos 184 cinéticas con glucosa hipertónica en pacientes estables en diálisis peritoneal (DP), con un tiempo medio en DP de 16 ± 22 meses. Se midieron el coeficiente de transferencia de masa de creatinina (MTCcr), el cociente dializado/plasma de creatinina (D/Pcr),la UF y el cribado de sodio a los 60 minutos (difNa60). Resultados: Los valores medios fueron: MTC-Cr: 9,1 ± 4,5 ml/min, D/Pcr: 0,71 ± 0,09, UF 759 ± 233 ml/4 h y difNa60: 4,7 ± 2,3.El modelo que mejor explica la UF es el que incluye difNa60,MTCcr, edad y tiempo en DP (r = 0,57; p >0,0001). En los pacientes con UF menor de 600 ml (percentil 25) se pierde la correlación entre la UF y el MTCcr, pero se mantiene condifNa60 (r = 0,48). Los 38 pacientes con antecedentes de peritonitisno presentaron diferencias en UF, MTCcr o D/Pcr, pero tienen menor difNa60 (3,7 ± 2,8 frente a 4,9 ± 2,1; p = 0,002)que el resto de pacientes. Conclusiones: La cinética peritoneal realizada con glucosa hipertónica permite no sólo haceruna medida estandarizada de la UF sino también determinar el cribado de sodio, que es el parámetro más sensible para detectar alteraciones del transporte de agua (AU)

Introduction: The use of solutions containing hypertonic glucose(3.86%/4.25%) has been postulated as the method of choice for study the peritoneal function, and permits a better evaluation of the ultrafiltration (UF) capacity. Objective: The aim of our study was to analyze the UF capacity and its relation with the peritoneal permeability and sieving of sodium, performing the peritoneal kinetic study with hypertonic glucose solutions. Patients and methods: We performed 184 peritoneal kinetic studies with hypertonic glucose solutions in stable patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD), with a meantime on PD of 16 ± 22 months. We measured the mass transfer coefficient of creatinine (CrMTC), dialysate to plasma ratio of creatinine (D/PCr), UF capacity and sieving of sodium at 60 minutes(difNa60). Results: The mean values were: CrMTC: 9.1 ± 4.5 ml/min, D/PCr: 0.71 ± 0.09, UF 759 ± 233 ml/4 h and difNa60: 4.7 ± 2.3. The best multivariate model that predicts the UF capacity included: difNa60,CrMTC, age and time on PD (r = 0.57; p >0.0001). In patients with U Flower than 600 ml/4 h (Percentil 25) the correlation between UF and CrMTC was lost, but remains the correlation with difNa60 (r = 0.48).The patients with previous peritonitis (n = 38) showed no differences in UF, CrMTC or D/Pcr, but the had lower difNa60 (3.7 ± 2.8 vs.4.9 ± 2.1; p = 0.002) than the remaning patients. Conclusions: The peritoneal kinetic study performed with hypertonic glucose allows to standarize the UF capacity and by determination of sieving of sodium, the early detection of water transport alterations, before the UF capacity and small solutes permeability alteration develops (AU)

Pielonefritis aguda con absceso corticomedular renal en una mujer embarazada: imagen ecográfica y por resonancia magnética / No disponible

No disponible

Prophylaxis and treatment of cytomegalovirus infection postrenal transplantation in two Madrid units.

INTRODUCTION: Complete prevention of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease continues to be an unresolved problem in renal transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2005 to May 2006, we implemented a protocol for early detection and preemptive treatment of CMV infection as detected by antigenemia or polymerase chain reaction determined every 2 weeks during the first 3 months posttransplant and monthly thereafter. Prophylaxis was given to all CMV-negative patients who received CMV-positive kidneys and to those who received polyclonal or monoclonal antibody induction therapy. RESULTS: Among 100 transplants, 15 subjects received prophylaxis due to poly- or monoclonal antibody induction and/or negative recipient serology using a mean valgancyclovir dose of 485 +/- 276 mg/d for an average duration of 129 days. After completion of the prophylaxis four patients (26.6%) required preemptive therapy for asymptomatic virus reactivation; the mean dose of drug in these patients had been 450 +/- 275.56 mg, with a treatment time that was significantly shorter than those not suffering reactivation (91.75 vs 143.45 days). In addition, preemptive therapy was given for virus reactivation in seven patients, for illness with mild viral syndrome in two, with moderate illness and positive pretransplantation serology in one. The average treatment time was 79 days and the mean dose was 375 mg. CONCLUSION: In those not at risk, CMV infections occurred among 11.7% of patients in our early detection program. Prophylaxis for at-risk patients should continue for more than 3 months to prevent reactivation.

[Effect of using icodextrin as a starting therapy for peritoneal permeability]. / Efecto del uso de icodextrina de inicio sobre la permeabilidad peritoneal.

UNLABELLED: Peritoneal permeability differs between patients at the time of starting peritoneal dialysis (PD) and it can increase along with time on the technique. This fact is related to peritonitis, the biocompatibility of the dialysis fluids and the use of glucose as osmotic agent. The aim of the present study was to evaluate if the use of one exchange a day of icodextrine from the time of DP initiation affects the evolution of peritoneal permeability. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 56 patients starting PD (mean age: 48.3 +/- 14.0; 62.5% males; 17.9% diabetics) that used one exchange a day with icodextrine from the time of starting PD. We performed a peritoneal transport kinetic study at the time of starting PD and then every 6 months during two years. We calculated the peritoneal mass transfer area coefficient of creatinine (Cr-MTAC) and urea (U-MTAC) as well as the D/P creatinine relationship (D/P Cr). As a control group we used the results of Cr-MTC of 249 patients that had used glucose as the only osmotic agent from the time of starting PD. RESULTS: The peritoneal transport, calculated using Cr-MTC, U-MTC and D/P Cr, diminished at 12 months (11.7+/-5.7 vs. 8.1+/-3.1; 23.5+/-7.3 vs. 18.9+/-3.8; 0.72+/-0.09 vs. 0.67+/-0.08; respectively), staying stable afterwards.We found that high transporters (HA) patients (higher quatril Cr-MTC ) showed a higher diminution of Cr-MTAC along the first year of treatment. The diminution of Cr-MTAC after 12 months using icodextrine was significantly higher (p<0.001) that the one observed in the control group that only used glucose as osmotic agent (10.5+/-5.3 vs. 10.1+/-4.6). We found that high transporters (HA) patients (higher quatril Cr-MTC) showed a higher decrease of Cr-MTAC along the first year of treatment. CONCLUSION: the use of icodextrine at the time of starting PD might help to correct the high transport status observed in some patients during the first months of treatment. The peritoneal transport kinetic studies performed at 6 and 12 months after starting PD are more representative of the long term peritoneal transport characteristics of the patients than those performed at the time of starting PD.

Efecto del uso de icodextrina de inicio sobre la permeabilidad peritoneal / No disponible

La permeabilidad peritoneal es diferente entre sujetos al inicio de la Diálisis Peritoneal (DP) y puede aumentar con el tiempo en la técnica. Este último fenómeno está condicionado por las peritonitis, la biocompatibilidad de los líquidos de diálisis y el abuso de glucosa como agente osmótico. Objetivo: evaluar si el uso de icodextrina desde el inicio de la DP afecta a la evolución de la permeabilidad peritoneal. Pacientes y métodos: incluimos 56 pacientes incidentes en DP (edad media: 48,3 ± 14; 62,5% varones; 17,9% diabéticos) que utilizan desde el inicio un cambio con icodextrina. Se les realizó una cinética peritoneal basal y cada seis meses, determinando la relación D/P creatinina (D/P cr) y los coeficientes de transferencia de masa de urea (MTC urea) y creatinina (MTC cr). La evolución de los MTC cr en el primer año se comparó con un grupo «histórico» de 249 pacientes que desde el inicio de la DP habían utilizado exclusivamente glucosa. Resultados: la permeabilidad peritoneal determinada por MTC cr, MTC urea y D/P cr descendió durante los primeros 12 meses (11,7 ± 5,7 vs. 8,1 ± 3,1; 23,5 ± 7,3 vs. 18,9 ± 3,8; 0,72 ± 0,09 vs. 0,67 ± 0,08, respectivamente), manteniéndose posteriormente estable. Los pacientes con Alto Transporte (AT) peritoneal basal (cuartil mayor de MTC cr) presentaron una mayor disminución de MTC cr a lo largo del primer año. El descenso del MTC cr al inicio y tras doce meses de DP usando icodextrina fue significativamente mayor (p <0,001) que el obtenido en el grupo «histórico» que sólo usaba glucosa (10,5 ± 5,3 vs. 10,1 ± 4,6). Los pacientes con AT peritoneal basal (cuartil mayor de MTC cr) son los que presentaron una mayor disminución de MTC cr a lo largo del primer año. Conclusión: el uso de icodextrina al inicio de la DP podría ayudar a corregir la alta permeabilidad basal en los primeros meses de diálisis. Las cinéticas realizadas a los 6 y 12 meses tras el inicio de diálisis son más representativas de la función peritoneal a largo plazo que las basales (AU)

Peritoneal permeability differs between patients at the time of starting peritoneal dialysis (PD) and it can increase along with time on the technique. This fact is related to peritonitis, the biocompatibility of the dialysis fluids and the use of glucose as osmotic agent. The aim of the present study was to evaluate if the use of one exchange a day of icodextrine from the time of DP initiation affects the evolution of peritoneal permeability. Patients and methods: 56 patients starting PD (mean age: 48.3 ± 14.0; 62.5% males; 17.9% diabetics) that used one exchange a day with icodextrine from the time of starting PD. We performed a peritoneal transport kinetic study at the time of starting PD and then every 6 months during two years. We calculated the peritoneal mass transfer area coefficient of creatinine (Cr-MTAC) and urea (U-MTAC) as well as the D/P creatinine relationship (D/P Cr). As a control group we used the results of Cr-MTC of 249 patients that had used glucose as the only osmotic agent from the time of starting PD. Results: The peritoneal transport, calculated using Cr-MTC, U-MTC and D/P Cr, diminished at 12 months (11.7±5.7 vs. 8.1±3.1; 23.5±7.3 vs. 18.9±3.8; 0.72±0.09 vs. 0.67±0.08; respectively), staying stable afterwards.We found that high transporters (HA) patients (higher quatril Cr-MTC ) showed a higher diminution of Cr-MTAC along the first year of treatment. The diminution of Cr-MTAC after 12 months using icodextrine was significantly higher (p<0.001) that the one observed in the control group that only used glucose as osmotic agent (10.5±5.3 vs. 10.1±4.6). We found that high transporters (HA) patients (higher quatril Cr-MTC) showed a higher decrease of Cr-MTAC along the first year of treatment. Conclusion: the use of icodextrine at the time of starting PD might help to correct the high transport status observed in some patients during the first months of treatment. The peritoneal transport kinetic studies performed at 6 and 12 months after starting PD are more representative of the long term peritoneal transport characteristics of the patients than those performed at the time of starting PD (AU)

Correlación anátomo-funcional de la membrana peritoneal / No disponible

El fallo de ultrafiltración es la alteración funcional más frecuente de los pacientes en diálisis peritoneal (DP), así como una de las causas más habituales de fallo de la técnica. Al inicio de DP existe una gran diversidad funcional, pero a partir del 3º-4º año aproximadamente un 20% de los pacientes desarrollan un progresivo fallo de la capacidad de ultrafiltración y un aumento del transporte de pequeños solutos. Paralelamente al deterioro funcional, el peritoneo delos pacientes en DP sufre una serie de alteraciones morfológicas, fundamentalmente pérdida o transformación mesotelial, reduplicación de las membranas basales, fibrosis submesotelial, vasculopatía hialinizante y neoangiogénesis. Son muy escasos los estudios comparativos de correlación morfofuncional realizados. La mayoría se han realizado en pacientes con largas estancias en DP, y han evidenciado un aumento progresivo de fibrosis y vasculopatía con el tiempo en diálisis, siendo especialmente intensas en pacientes con fallo de UF o con peritonitis esclerosante. El número de vasos peritoneales no aumenta de forma constante con el tiempo en DP, y está asociado a peritoneos con gran deterioro funcional. Estudios en pacientes con cortas estancias en DP han mostrado que la lesión inicial asociada al alto transporte de pequeños solutos es la transición epitelio-mesenquimal de la célula mesotelial (transformación de célula mesoteliala célula fibroblástica). La mayor secreción de matriz extracelular y de VEGF por las células mesoteliales transformadas participaría en el posterior desarrollo de fibrosis y de un aumento de permeabilidad peritoneal, no necesariamente acompañados de un aumento del número de vasos (AU)

Ultrafiltration failure is the most frequent alteration of peritoneal transport in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, and is a frequent cause of technical withdrawal. At the begining of the therapy, there is a great functional diversity, but alter the third or fourth years the 20% of patients develop progressive ultrafiltration failure and an increase of the small solute transport. In parallel to this functional alteration, the peritoneum of PD patients shows morphological alterations, such as loss or transformation of mesothelialcells, basal membrane reduplication, submesothelial fibrosis, hyalinazing vasculopathy and neoangiogenesis. There are scant comparative studies of morphofunctional correlation. Most of them have been reported on long-term PD patients and showed a progresive increase of fibrosis and vasculopathy with time on PD, spetially in patients with ultrafiltration failure and in those with sclerosing peritonitis. The peritonealvessel number do not always increase with time on PD, and it isassociated with advanced ultrafiltration failure. Some short-term studies have demonstrated that the initial lesion related to the high small solute peritoneal transport is the epithelial to mesenchimal transition of the mesothelial cell (the transformation of mesothelial cell into fibroblastic cell). The higher secretion of extracellular matrix and vascular endothelial growth factor by thetransformed mesothelial cells should participated on later development of fibrosis and high peritoneal permeability, not always in relation with higher number of peritoneal vessels (AU)

Bases teóricas para la propuesta de un ensayo clínicoaleatorizado, controlado y abierto, para evaluarla eficacia de la adición de bemiparina a la solución de icodextrina en pacientes en diálisis peritoneal con trastornos del transporte peritoneal[FRIAT-BEM-2005-01] / No disponible

Considerando todas las investigaciones realizadas hasta la fecha sobre las causas que contribuyen al deterioro de la membrana peritoneal y su fisiopatología, se puede concluir que es de gran interés investigar si la administración de heparinaintraperitoneal puede aportar un beneficio sobre el mantenimiento de la función peritoneal en los enfermos tratados con diálisis peritoneal (DP). Las acciones descritas a favor de esta idea son:1) La inflamación crónica del peritoneo es una causa de alteración de la función peritoneal y la heparina tiene acciónantiinflamatoria.2) La fibrosis peritoneal debida a diálisis peritoneal o a traumatismo puede ser evitada o mejorada con heparina ip.3) La heparina (HNF y HBPM, incluida bemiparina) indúcela síntesis de tPA por las células mesoteliales, lo que supone una acción fibrinolítica.4) La heparina, más la HBPM que la HNF, inhibe la angiogénesis.5) La heparina intraperitone al favorece la eliminación delos AGE en la DP.6) Modelos animales y estudios clínicos de corta extensión han demostrado una mejora de la función peritoneal con heparina.7) Por el momento, no se han encontrado problemas de seguridad en su administración intraperitoneal. Es por tanto una hipótesis verosímil que el uso de heparinaintraperitoneal puede modificar favorablemente la función peritoneal de pacientes en diálisis peritoneal (AU)

Multiple investigations performed on peritoneal pathophysiology during peritoneal dialysis (PD) suggest that intraperitonealheparin might modify most of the causes of membrane deterioration. The actions described favouring this idea are:1) Peritoneal Chronic inflammation alters peritoneal function and heprain has anti-inflammatory properties.2) Peritoneal fibrosis related to peritoneal dialysis or traumaticinjury may be avoided or limited with heparin.3) Heparine induces tPA síntesis by mesothelial cells, which represents a potentiation of fibrinolytic action.4) Heparine, sècifically low-molecular weight heparin, inhibitsangiogenesis.5) Intraperitoneal heparin favors the removal of advanced glycosilation end products in PD.6) Animal models and clinical studies with small series of patients have demonstrated an improvement of peritoneal function with intraperitoneal heparine use.7) Until now, no adverse effects of the intraperitoneal heparinuse have been found. In consequence, it is a plausible hipothesis to consider that intraperitonealheparin may favourably modify peritoneal function inpatients under peritoneal dialysis (AU)

Nuevas soluciones de diálisis peritoneal y suscombinaciones / No disponible

El tratamiento con diálisis peritoneal (DP) a largo plazo se ha relacionado con la aparición de alteraciones estructurales y funcionales en la membrana peritoneal. La bioicompatibilidad de las soluciones utilizadas es uno de los principales factores relacionados con estos cambios. En la última década se han desarrollado nuevas soluciones de DP para intentar reducir esta bioincompatibilidad, relacionada fundamentalmente con la utilización de glucosa como agente osmótico, el empleo de lactato como tampón y el pH ádido; e intentar mejorar los resultados clínicos en los pacientes en DP. El uso de agentes osmóticos alternativos, como la icodextrina y los aminoácidos; y la utilización de los sistemas de doble bolsa que ha permitido obtener soluciones bajas en productos de degradación de la glucosa y emplear DP sobre la membrana peritoneal tanto a nivel estructural como funcionalmente. Otros beneficios relacionados con el uso de las nuevas soluciones son la mayor eliminación de sodio y agua, la mejoría del estado nutricional y la disminución de las alteraciones metabólicas relacionadas con el uso de glucosa como agente osmótico. Diversos estudio sin vitro e in vivo han demostrado una mayor biocompatibilidad de las nuevas soluciones en comparación con las soluciones convencionales. Esta revisión describe las características de las nuevas soluciones de DP. los efectos beneficiosos relacionados con su uso en pacientes y las potenciales ventajas de su utilización de forma combinada (AU)

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) treatment has been related to functional and structural changes in peritoneum. The biocompatibility of the PD fluids is one of the most important factors related to this complication. New solutions for PD have been developed in an effort to reduce the bioincompatibility of conventional glucosecontaining, lactate-buffered solutions, and thereby to improve the clinical outcomes of PD. The use of new manufacturing techniques, buffer presentation, and new osmotic alternatives to glucose (aminoacids, icodextrin) have allowed potentially improved peritoneal survival (in terms of structure and function) and improved subjective patient experience. Additional benefits have also included enhanced management of salt and water removal, supported nutritional status and improvement in the systemic metabolid derangements associated with conventional PD treatment, based on glucose-containing lactate-buffered solutions. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown the biocompatibility of these new solutions to be superior to that of standard solutions. This review summarized the characteristics of the next generation of PD fluids currently available and analyzed the potential benefits related to the combination of the different elements (AU)

[Anatomic-functional correlation of the peritoneal membrane]. / Correlación anátomo-funcional de la membrana peritoneal.

Ultrafiltration failure is the most frequent alteration of peritoneal transport in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, and is a frequent cause of technical withdrawal. At the beginning of the therapy, there is a great functional diversity, but alter the third or fourth years the 20% of patients develop progressive ultrafiltration failure and an increase of the small solute transport. In parallel to this functional alteration, the peritoneum of PD patients shows morphological alterations, such as loss or transformation of mesothelial cells, basal membrane reduplication, submesothelial fibrosis, hyalinazing vasculopathy and neoangiogenesis. There are scant comparative studies of morphofunctional correlation. Most of them have been reported on long-term PD patients and showed a progressive increase of fibrosis and vasculopathy with time on PD, specially in patients with ultrafiltration failure and in those with sclerosing peritonitis. The peritoneal vessel number do not always increase with time on PD, and it is associated with advanced ultrafiltration failure. Some short-term studies have demonstrated that the initial lesion related to the high small solute peritoneal transport is the epithelial to mesenchimal transition of the mesothelial cell (the transformation of mesothelial cell into fibroblastic cell). The higher secretion of extracellular matrix and vascular endothelial growth factor by the transformed mesothelial cells should participated on later development of fibrosis and high peritoneal permeability, not always in relation with higher number of peritoneal vessels.

[Theoretical bases for the proposal of a randomized, controlled, open label clinical trial to assess the efficacy of adding bemiparin to the icodextrin solution in patients on peritoneal dialysis with peritoneal transport disorders [FRIAT-BEM-2005-01]]. / Bases teóricas para la propuesta de un ensayo clínico aleatorizado, controlado y abierto, para evaluar la eficacia de la adición de bemiparina a la solución de icodextrina en pacientes en diálisis peritoneal con trastornos del transporte peritoneal [FRIAT-BEM-2005-01].

Multiple investigations performed on peritoneal pathophysiology during peritoneal dialysis (PD) suggest that intraperitoneal heparin might modify most of the causes of membrane deterioration. The actions described favouring this idea are: 1) Peritoneal Chronic inflammation alters peritoneal function and hepraine has anti-inflammatory properties. 2) Peritoneal fibrosis related to peritoneal dialysis or traumatic injury may be avoided or limited with heparin. 3) Heparine induces tPA synthesis by mesothelial cells, which represents a potentiation of fibrinolytic action. 4) Heparine, specifically low-molecular weight heparin, inhibits angiogenesis. 5) Intraperitoneal heparin favors the removal of advanced glycosilation end products in PD. 6) Animal models and clinical studies with small series of patients have demonstrated an improvement of peritoneal function with intraperitoneal heparine use. 7) Until now, no adverse effects of the intraperitoneal heparin use have been found. In consequence, it is a plausible hypothesis to consider that intraperitoneal heparin may favourably modify peritoneal function in patients under peritoneal dialysis.

[New peritoneal dialysis solutions and their combinations]. / Nuevas soluciones de diálisis peritoneal y sus combinaciones.

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) treatment has been related to functional and structural changes in peritoneum. The biocompatibility of the PD fluids is one of the most important factors related to this complication. New solutions for PD have been developed in an effort to reduce the bioincompatibility of conventional glucose containing, lactate-buffered solutions, and thereby to improve the clinical outcomes of PD. The use of new manufacturing techniques, buffer presentation, and new osmotic alternatives to glucose (amino acids, icodextrin) have allowed potentially improved peritoneal survival (in terms of structure and function) and improved subjective patient experience. Additional benefits have also included enhanced management of salt and water removal, supported nutritional status and improvement in the systemic metabolic derangements associated with conventional PD treatment, based on glucose-containing lactate-buffered solutions. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown the biocompatibility of these new solutions to be superior to that of standard solutions. This review summarized the characteristics of the next generation of PD fluids currently available and analyzed the potential benefits related to the combination of the different elements.

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of mesothelial cells is an early event during peritoneal dialysis and is associated with high peritoneal transport.

Ultrafiltration (UF) failure is a consequence of long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD). Fibrosis, angiogenesis, and vasculopathy are causes of this functional disorder after 3-8 years on PD. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of mesothelial cell (MC) is a key process leading to peritoneal fibrosis with functional deterioration. Our purpose was to study the peritoneal anatomical changes during the first months on PD, and to correlate them with peritoneal functional parameters. We studied 35 stable PD patients for up to 2 years on PD, with a mean age of 45.3+/-14.5 years. Seventy-four percent of patients presented loss of the mesothelial layer, 46% fibrosis (>150 microm) and 17% in situ evidence of EMT (submesothelial cytokeratin staining), which increased over time. All patients with EMT showed myofibroblasts, while only 36% of patients without EMT had myofibroblasts. The number of peritoneal vessels did not vary when we compared different times on PD. Vasculopathy was present in 17% of the samples. Functional studies were used to define the peritoneal transport status. Patients in the highest quartile of mass transfer area coefficient of creatinine (Cr-MTAC) (>11.8 ml min(-1)) showed significantly higher EMT prevalence (P=0.016) but similar number of peritoneal vessels. In the multivariate analysis, the highest quartile of Cr-MTAC remained as an independent factor predicting the presence of EMT (odds ratio 12.4; confidence interval: 1.6-92; P=0.013) after adjusting for fibrosis (P=0.018). We concluded that, during the first 2 PD years, EMT of MCs is a frequent morphological change in the peritoneal membrane. High solute transport status is associated with its presence but not with increased number of peritoneal vessels.

Estenosis de arteria renal en riñón único funcionante / Renal artery stenosis in single functioning kidney

La estenosis de arteria renal en riñón único se asocia con un aumento de la morbimortalidad, y en la actualidad existe un dilema sobre su tratamiento: si es más conveniente realizar tratamiento conservador o revascularización. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 72 años con hipertensión arterial, sin episodios de edema agudo de pulmón, riñón único funcionante derecho y estenosis de arteria renal derecha en la que se decide realizar tratamiento conservador dado el control de la tensión arterial con tratamiento farmacológico y por mantener una función renal estable en el último año. Se revisa la literatura y se discute sobre su tratamiento

Renal artery stenosis in single kidney is associated with an increase in morbidity-mortality. There is currently a dilemma on its treatment, on if it is better to perform a conservative treatment or revascularization. We present the case of a 72 year old woman with arterial hypertension, without episodes of acute pulmonary edema, right single functioning kidney and right renal artery stenosis, in which it was decided to perform conservative treatment given the control of the blood pressure with drug treatment and because she had maintained stable kidney function in the last year. The literature is reviewed and its treatment discussed